![]() Notable revolutions in recent centuries include the creation of the United States through the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), the French Revolution (1789–1799), the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), the Spanish American wars of independence (1808–1826), the European Revolutions of 1848, the Russian Revolution in 1917, the Chinese Revolution of the 1940s, the Cuban Revolution in 1959, the Iranian Revolution in 1979, and the European Revolutions of 1989. Several generations of scholarly thought on revolutions have generated many competing theories and contributed much to the current understanding of this complex phenomenon. Early studies of revolutions primarily analyzed events in European history from a psychological perspective, but more modern examinations include global events and incorporate perspectives from several social sciences, including sociology and political science. Scholarly debates about what does and does not constitute a revolution center on several issues. Their results include major changes in culture, economy, and socio- political institutions, usually in response to perceived overwhelming autocracy or plutocracy. Revolutions have occurred throughout human history and vary widely in terms of methods, success or failure, duration, and motivating ideology. It typically involves a revolt against the government due to perceived oppression (political, social, economic) or political incompetence. In political science, a revolution ( Latin: revolutio, 'a turn around') is an attempt to achieve fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization.
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